Debra J. Enzenbacher, 1994. Tourism at Faraday Station: An Antarctic case study. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 21, Issue 2, Ps. 303-317.

    Naveen Ron, 2003. Compendium of Antarctic Peninsula Visitor Sites, 2d edition: A Report To The United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Environmental Protection Agency. 381 p.

     Fedchuk A. Antarctic tourism at Faraday/Vernadsky station, 1968-2008: Changes in governance and visitor patterns // SCAR/IASC IPY Open Science Conference “Polar research – Arctic and Antarctic perspective in the International Polar year” (8-11 July 2008, St. Petersburg, Russia). – SSC RF AARI, St. Petersburg, 2008. – Abstract Volume. – P. 448.
    The Ukrainian Vernadsky station (former British Faraday station) is one of the most visited in the Antarctic Peninsula area. Data detailing the trends of tourist activities at station has been collected and processed from 1995 to 2008. The obtained information together with data collected during earlier researches represents the longest time series data on non-governmental activity at a scientific station in Antarctica since 1968. It is being argued that aside from the presence of attractive landscapes, the biodiversity of the coastal zone, the historical sites, and the infrastructure of an active scientific station, two further factors have contributed to an increase in visitor numbers in that area since 1996. Firstly, the accessibility of the Antarctic Peninsula region has been significantly improved due to the southward deviation of fast ice edges and the reduced time span of sea ice cover as a result of climate warming in the Peninsula area. Secondly, a new Ukrainian policy regarding non-governmental visits has been put in place, which is very different from the strict tourism policy provided by the British Antarctic Survey in the past. The study contributes to developing a tourist management plan and the Antarctic Treaty System site-specific guidelines for the station and its vicinity.

    Geospatial organization of the Antarctic tourism: A synopsis of the thesis for the Candidate of Sciences degree in Geography on specialty 11.00.02 – economic and social geography / A.P. Fedchuk; Тhe Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. – Кyiv, 2007. – 20 p. – in Ukrainian. gh
    In the dissertation the human-geographical concept of Antarctic tourism functioning is formulated. The specific factors of the forming and the territorial development of tourist activities in Antarctica are analyzed. The essence of regional recreational conversion process is discovered. It means involving nontourist infrastructure into Antarctic travel industry. The study provides strong support for regional sectoring of special structure of Antarctic tourism. The classification of site visits is worked out and their importance as objects for on-site management is indicated. The tourist potential of the Ukrainian Antarctic Vernadsky station area is scrutinized. The package plan is worked out to provide the national tourist policy in accordance with the Antarctic Treaty System.
    Key words: Antarctic tourism, tourist potential, tourist flows structure and dynamics, geospatial organization, site visits, area management, regional tourist policy, Vernadsky station.

    Theoretical and methodical bases of the Antarctic tourism study / A.P. Fedchuk // Географія і сучасність. = Geography and modernity. – 2005. – Vol. 14. – P. 60-69. – in Ukrainian.
    The theoretical and methodical bases of Antarctic tourism human geographical study are considered. A conceptual model is worked out of the Antarctic territorial-recreational system and determined through formation specifics, on-site management and technological organizing following subsystems: visitors, resources (natural and historical), infrastructure, and authorities.
    The key steps of a tourist stream is described monitoring method: 1) analysis of the proposal-demand structure (identification the regions of demand organization, main countries-suppliers of tourists, and Antarctic tourism nationality); 2) analysis of a tourist stream to the types of involved transport (identification of quantity and the categories of transport facilities, analysis of quantity and the duration of sailings, average capacity); 3) analysis of a tourist stream distribution (definition of cities-ports as the main channels of a tourist stream distribution, definition space configuration of the most stable routes); 4) analysis of visit dynamics on the most visited sites in Antarctica and identification main kinds of tourist activities.
    Key words: Human geographical study, Antarctic territorial-recreational system, tourist stream monitoring method.

     Antarctic tourism in foreign publications 1991-2005 / А.P. Fedchuk // Ukr. Antarc. Jour. = Укр. антарк. журн. – 2005.– № 3. – P. 171-178.
     In this article foreign English-language scientific literature on the Antarctic tourism problematic for 1991-2005 is reviewed. On the basis of analysis of volumes and dynamics of the publications, wavering interest by the scientific community to the specified problem is revealed: The peak of the first wave is- 1994-1996, the second is - 2002. 410 records of a bibliographic database are structured for the allocated period with the help of bibliometrics analysis. It is shown, that the greatest amount of sources is submitted at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings. Because of the basic aspect of the problem 12 researches directions are allocated. The volume and dynamic growth of research on ecological aspects of tourism development is coordinated with the tendency of the general ecologization of scientific research in the Antarctic Region. At the same time, the difference between the structure publications on aspects of the problem of Antarctic tourism and the world of Antarctic science is revealed. It is established, that legal regulation questions of tourist activity and its conformity to the basic documents of Antarctic Treaty System occupy more than 20 % of all publications. The significant layer of unanswered questions is discovered and the tendency of research direction diversification is planned. The value of a constructive character to scientific-practical development with a well-defined geographical component is shown and its significance for site management planning, composition and improvement for regional tourist policy is described. Results of the research connected with the area of scientific interests of the Ukraine in Antarctic are separately covered.
    Key words: Antarctic tourism, recreational research, bibliometrics methods, publications grouping, human geography.

     Territorial development factors of Antarctic tourism / A.P. Fedchuk // Наукові записки Вінницького держ. пед. ун-ту ім. М.Коцюбинського. Серія: Географія. = Scientific records of State M.Kotsubinsky pedagogical university of Vinnitsa. Issue: Geography. – 2006. – Vol. 11. – P. 160-166. – in Ukrainian.
     In this article the natural and human factors, as well as organizational-legal conditions which promote and limit Antarctic tourism development are described. It is shown, that spatial selection of tourist streams is dependant not only on attractive coastal landscapes, but also on a network of scientific settlements and historical sites and monuments. Generally, these places are a tourist potential in geographical sectors of the Antarctic region. In the highest potential the South America sector differs, being closest to seaports (about 1000 kms), favorable conditions of access to coast in summer (presence ice free water), sub comfortable weather conditions during a tourist season (0 °.. +2°С average temperature in January), biodiversity of a coastal strip and surrounding islands, and also high concentration of scientific stations (42 stations, 22 from them operate year-round, and 20 are seasonal stations) and historical sites and monuments (35 in total, 12 from them are constructions of the early Antarctic expeditions).
    The following are factors which limit the development of Antarctic tourism; transport availability, which is a feature of the geographical space (meteorological and hydrographic conditions, first of all - variability of ice conditions), and also normative-legal restrictions of Antarctic Treaty system. The first group of factors has dynamic character that in turn defines spatial distribution of a tourist stream during summer season.
    Key words: natural and human factors, Antarctica geographical sectors, organizational-legal regime of Antarctica.

    Historical Sites and Monuments in Antarctica: classified-spatial analysis for tourism needs / A.P. Fedchuk // History of Ukrainian Geography. = Історія української географії. – 2006. – Vol. 1 (13). – P. 100-106. – in Ukrainian.
    The main definition of Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica is discovered. During the process of inventarisation and systematization the human artifacts classification is determined and the spatial analysis dissemination is made. The Antarctic Peninsula (22 objects, 13 from them are located on the South Shatland Islands) and Ross Sea (20 objects, 11 fron them are located on the Ross Islands) areas are remarkable for Historic Sites and Monuments concentration and diversity. It is revealed that early scientific bases/hats of “heroic age” are the main sites visited during Antarctic tourists cruises. Special attention is paid to the historic values object in the Ukrainian Antarctic Vernadsky Station area.
    Key words: Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, Vernadsky Station area.

    Historical-geographical analysis and present-day state of component structure of Antarctic tourism / A.P. Fedchuk // Economic and social geography. = Економічна та соціальна географія. – 2005. – № 55. – P. 304-311. – in Ukrainian.
    In this article the process of formation present-day componential structure of Antarctic tourism (АТ) is analyzed. With the help of the historic-geographical analysis the sequence of АТ functional changes is reproduced. Areas covered are; the following periods of tourist development in Antarctic region: beginning of АТ (from the mid of 1950th till 1968); the diversification of tourist activity - from sea-borne, air-borne and land-based AT (1969–1991); the present period of both the corporatism and the introduction into practice environmentally sound strategy of AT development (since 1991).
    The commercial sea cruises are dominate in present-day componential structure of AT (35 506 tourists in season 2006-2007 that makes over 90 % of the general tourist stream, under annual rates of growth at a level of 10-15 %). The further diversification of tourist activity on the basis of outstripping development of the sea-based segment is observed.
    Key words: periodisation of Antarctic tourism, componential structure of tourist industry, sea-borne, air-borne and land-based tourism.

    Geospatial organization of Antarctic tourism / A.P. Fedchuk // The bulletin of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Issue: Geography. – 2006. – Vol. 53. – P. 46-50. – in Ukrainian.
    The study proposes regional sectoring of special structure of Antarctic tourism and outlines advantages of this approach. The division is into sectors following the inter-continental (i.e., azonal) organizational functional relationships. The tourist streams, generally running along sub meridians from sea ports of Southern continents towards Antarctica, make these relationships distinct. The Southern sea ports (like as Ushuaia, Punta Arenas, Cape Town, Bluff, Hobart) carry out a special backbone role in consolidation tourist streams of inter-continental sectors - South American, African and Australian-New Zealand.
     On a local level site visits are detailed and analyzed. This implies territorial districts with a certain set of recreational functions characterized by spatial relationships, expressed in terms of dynamics of tourist streams. The similarity of conditions of formation and development of site visits has allowed them to be classified; a basic criteria is the conditions of transport availability, kinds of use this territory, an available infrastructure and probable sort of recreational activity, and also features an on-site management (including self-regulation). The representative site visits in each type are considered as model territories, which may be used effectively for working off forms of visits management.
    Key words: regional sectoring, the inter-continental organizational functional relationships, Southern sea ports, site visits classification.

   Development of international tourism in region of the Ukrainian Vernadsky station / A.P. Fedchuk // Географія і сучасність. = Geography and modernity. – 2006. – Vol. 15. – P. 93-101. – in Ukrainian.
    The Ukrainian Vernadsky station (formerly Britian’s Faraday Station), is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the Antarctic Peninsula area. The obtained information together with data collected during earlier researches represents the longest time series data on non-governmental activity at a scientific station in Antarctica since 1968.
    Data detailing the trends of tourist activities at Faraday/Vernadsky Station have been collected and processed from 1995 to 2006. In the specified period 336 visits of yachts and tour vessels with total number of tourists 16 990 was registered. Distribution of the level of activity at Vernadsky Station between the months of November and March (1995-2006) shows that 73 % (245 visits) are carried out in January - February with a maximum (50 visits or 15 %) at the end of January. Tourist visits cause minimal impact to the station infrastructure because of the distribution of “visiting day” presence on the Vernadsky Station throughout eleven seasons from 1995 till 2006 (more than 80 % of cases only one visit per vessel / yacht in day is observed), as well as distribution of tourist groups’ activity at Vernadsky Station, which visiting station per one visit (in half of cases the station is visited by small groups up to 20 person). The study contributes to developing a tourist management plan and the Antarctic Treaty System site-specific guidelines for the station and its vicinity.
   Key words: Vernadsky station, time series data, visits of yachts and tour vessels, level of tourist activity, distribution of “visiting day”, distribution of tourist groups’ activity, site-specific guidelines.

    Development of forms of territorial management in tourist activity in the Ukrainian scientific interests area in Antarctica / A.P. Fedchuk // Наукові записки Вінницького держ. пед. ун-ту ім. М.Коцюбинського. Серія: Географія. = Scientific records of State M.Kotsubinsky pedagogical university of Vinnitsa. Issue: Geography. – 2006. – Vol. 12. – P. 202-209. – in Ukrainian.
    In this article the importance and timeliness of activation of development forms of territorial management in Antarctica for optimal administrative measures is shown, with consideration to the international organizational-legal regime of this region.
    Growth number of tourists at Vernadsky station in recent years, and the fact that the station is located close to Petermann Island (where a scientific monitoring area is established) and Base F “Wordie House” (designated as Historic Site and Monument No. 62 under the Antarctic Treaty) has caused the need to develop a regulating system of tourist activity in the influence zone of Vernadsky station. The development of tourism has been compatible with developed scientific activity and logistical support in this area. The format and the contents of the suggested management plans are defined by the criteria formulated under Antarctic Treaty system. These Site Guidelines have been developed to provide conformity to other regulating statements which already exist or are in being consideration.
    Key words: territorial management, organizational-legal regime, Site Guidelines.

    Human-geographical studies of Antarctica / A.P. Fedchuk // Proceedings of the International young scientists conference in honour of 170th anniversary of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (22-23 April, 2004). – 2004. – P.60-62. – in Ukrainian.
    Intensification of human presence in Antarctica has caused a change in the contents and methods of geographical research for this region (historical-geographical, geoeconomic, ecological-geographical, etc.). Generally, the author confirmed a tendency to attempt to overcome in geographical literature the break between physiographic research and a social and economic assessment of their results.
    Key words: Antarctic region, physiographic research, social and economic research.

    Human-geographical studies of Antarctic tourism / A.P. Fedchuk // Proceedings of the scientific conference “Russia in Antarctica” (Sankt-Petersburg, 12-14 April, 2006). – Sankt-Petersburg, 2006. – P. 219-220.
    It is shown, that the majority of foreign and domestic publications on Antarctic tourism contains elements of geographical research. In particular in domestic (include the Soviet period) geographical science, international tourism in Antarctica was considered as kinds of transport-logistical operations.
    The study revealed shortcomings of regional zoning (i.e., latitudinal) of Antarctic tourism, the dominant approach in post-Soviet literature regarding this area. The study advocates regional sectoring of a special structure of Antarctic tourism and articulates advantages of this approach. The distinctness of the sectors is due to inter-continental (i.e., azonal) organizational functional relationships. These relationships are clearly identifies by the tourist paths that tend to run along submeridians from sea ports of Southern continents towards Antarctica.
    Key words: special structure, regional sectoring of Antarctic tourism, inter-continental sectors.

    Importance of geographical data in tourist expeditions in Antarctica / A.P. Fedchuk // Growth of constructive geography, recent achievements, and perspectives of development: The combining of reports thesis. = Конструктивна географія: становлення, сучасні досягнення та перспективи розвитку: Збірник тез доповідей. – Кyiv, 2006. – P. 186-188. – in Ukrainian.
    A useful algorithm of relevant geographical information for maintenance of Antarctic cruises on each stages of its carrying out is developed. The following stages of Antarctic cruises are defined: 1) planning; 2) immediate performance of the cruises program on a route; 3) an expert assessment of the post-visit reports submitted by tour operators after the ending tourist season. On the first stage tour operators develop a representative thematic trip, which will allow its participants on the limited set of tourist sites to have a notion about the region. At this stage an environmental impact assessment of planned activity is obligatory.
    Selection of specific site visits on a route, or alternatives within a radius of availability, depends, first, on an assessment of its conformity to the theme of a trip, and, secondly, on results of field analysis of physiographic characteristics of the territory (or the water area): hydrographic conditions (current ice conditions) for a vessel stall and places of boats landing, the general topography and presence of the open places for walks, a biodiversity on a site and its location in relation to known areas of breeding species of wild animals.
An expert assessment of the post-visit reports submitted by tour operators on the final stage, reveals the necessity to develop additional manuals for tourists behavior on various types of sites visits with the purpose of maintaining appropriate environmental protection requirements under the Antarctic Treaty system.
   Key words: relevant geographical information, stages of Antarctic cruises, physiographic characteristics of sites visits.

    Expedition cruises as a factor of Antarctic tourism sustainable development / A.P. Fedchuk, O.O. Beydyk // Proceedings of the VI International scientific-practical conference of the students and young scientists “Issues and perspectives of sustainable development of tourism and hospitality in the world and Ukraine” (Donetsk, 16-17 April, 2003). – 2003. – P. 192-194. – in Ukrainian.
    Antarctica is considered a unique tourist range where environmental protection principles and methods of planning tourist activity are developed and put into practice. The principle of organization of a cruise comprising of elements of scientific research works and ecological education is considered. A practice of carrying out private trips by the International Association of the Antarctic Tour Operators, based on the precautionary approach in planning of tourist activity is covered.
    Key words: environmental protection principles, Antarctica expedition cruises, precautionary approach.

    Geopolitical and geo-economic importance of the Ukrainian Antarctic Vernadsky station / A.P. Fedchuk // Ukraine: Geographical issues of sustainable development. The combining of research reports. In 4 Vol. – Kyiv, 2004. – Vol. 2. – P. 122-124. – in Ukrainian.
    Presence of The Ukraine in Antarctica has a geopolitical value, expressed today, firstly, in the active participation in international scientific cooperation and secondly, in preconditions for realizing social and economic activity in this region in the future. Results of domestic researches regarding geopolitical positions of Ukrainian Vernadsky station are analyzed. The importance of research on bioprospecting in the Southern ocean is outlined. Uninvestigated aspects of functioning of the Ukrainian scientific station are allocated. For the first time in domestic science it is suggested that Antarctic tourism is an additional source of non-budget financing for Ukrainian scientific programs in Antarctic.
    Key words: Ukrainian Vernadsky station, geopolitical value, geopolitical value.

    The tourist route “Slavonic Antarctica” in context of Ukraine international co-operations / A.P. Fedchuk // Proceedings of the Second International scientific-practical conference “Issues of European integration and trans-boundary co-operation” (Lutsk, 29-30 September, 2005). – 2005. P. 420-422. – in Ukrainian.
    In this article specific features of local tourist-geographical positions of the Slavonic Antarctic stations is revealed. It is suggested that a tourist excursion "Slavonic Antarctic" is developed An elongation of the route in sub meridian direction along the Antarctic Peninsula coast provides a high representativeness of this trip. The offered trip is needed to popularize Antarctic activity by the Slavonic states, and also will enhance a deepening cooperation between Ukraine and its neighboring countries with Antarctic stations - Russia, Poland, Bulgaria, and, in perspective, with Czech Republic.
    Key words: Slavonic Antarctic stations, cooperation between Slavonic states, tourist route "Slavonic Antarctic".

    Tourist activity ecomonitoring in the Antarctic Peninsula region / A.P. Fedchuk // Proceedings of the Second Ukrainian Antarctic Meeting (2UAM2004) "Antarctic Peninsula: key region for Environment change study" (June 22-24, Kyiv, Ukraine). – Kyiv, 2004. – P.45.
    Recent tendencies in the development of Antarctic tourism in the area of the Antarctic Peninsula were researched in the period from 1989 to 2004. Special attention was given to the assessment of tourist activity in the Argentine Islands Archipelago area and at the Vernadsky station. Comparative analysis has shown that the data reported by foreign researches are considerably underestimated in comparison to the records of station leaders, which demonstrate that in the period when the station was run by Ukraine (seasons 1995/1996-2003/04) the amount of tourists has increased eleven times, which amounted to over 4710 people in 2003-04. The share of the Antarctic cruise tourists, who have visited the Argentine Islands Archipelago area, has increased from 4.5 % in 1995-96 up to 24% in 2003-04. As a result, the rank of the Argentine Islands Archipelago area (which is among the 25 most visited sites in the Antarctic Peninsula region), marked out by foreign researches is unjustifiably underestimated.
    It is suggested, that the coordinated database of tourist activity can not only be the source of information necessary for coordinating, managing and supervising the tourist activity in the Vernadsky station region, but also a means to support Ukraine fulfilling its obligations concerning accountability and responsibility as stipulated by the Antarctic Treaty System.
    Key words: Antarctic tourism trends, the Argentine Islands Archipelago, most visited sites.

   Tourist vessel staff/passenger photography for long-term environmental changes monitoring in the Antarctic Peninsula region / V.A. Lytvynov, A.P. Fedchuk, S.B. Kovalonok, D. Haase, G.P. Milinevsky // SCAR XXIX Open Science Conference “Antarctica in the Earth System” (12-14 July 2006, Hobart, Australia). –Hobart, 2006. – Abstract Volume. – 0269.
    Staff and passengers on Antarctic tourist vessels can help to overcome the problem of insufficient data for conclusive inferences on environmental changes in the Antarctic Peninsula region over years. The MONITOUR project aims are to establish a database that can serve as an archive for first-degree direct and indirect impacts of human activities at or near frequently visited areas, and may consequently facilitate an analysis of environmental change and cumulative impact. As the most frequently visited Antarctic region the Antarctic Peninsula represents an ideal location for a project, which will utilize capacities provided by tourist activities to enable the collection of scientifically valuable visual information in the form of digital pictures. Based on predefined survey sites and thorough guidelines on the exact position of the photographer along with technical details on the scope, frame, zoom and quality settings for the particular photos, staff and passengers on tourist ships can provide digital imagery of glaciers, snowfields, sea ice conditions, soil and plant cover, animal populations, new footpaths, evidence of direct human impact such as footprints and littering, which in turn will serve as additional information for environmental changes monitoring in the Antarctic Peninsula. Expedition leaders and experienced tour guides will be asked to provide detailed information on landing sites, access routes, topographic features and landmarks, and other data necessary to create a sound basis for the digital database to be developed. The resulting visual and descriptive data will be managed and made available through a designated website, which will provide baseline data for environmental impact monitoring for scientists and tour operators and will hence allow for strategic integrated planning of human activities in this part of the Antarctic in the future.
    Key words: MONITOUR project, environmental change monitoring, tourist vessels, digital pictures.